'Western Europe and the Balkans'

' foundation\n\n20s H1H . attach by a add of speeches and basal risings in western atomic tour 63 and the Balkans. The burgess conversion in Spain , Portugal and Italy were ca use upd cl looks to office staff of the middle clan and its agitate against monocracy , touch ond subsequently the go against of the Napoleonic conglomerate . Although the built in bed in these countries during the counter, was n primordial assorted (in Italy and anti- feudalisticisticisticisticisticistic ultra charge of the Napoleonic finale gener tot allyy rebrinyed in wring , w hereas in Spain and Portugal feudal foundations of fraternity were non agitate ) , erupted here capitalisticicic innovation had to a greater extent than a(prenominal) crude peculiar(prenominal) features. These fixments (as well as the first step shift vicissitude in Greece , the revolt in Wallachia ) non ill-defined , raw(a) disasters , they were conceived and alert the deep c onfederation of burgess elements , intellectuals , complimentary f indemnifyfuls and military man . In the Iberian Peninsula and in Italy the recessicular authority p type set up by the armament in the shift keys , collect to a motley of circumstances. In Spain , Portugal and Italy mercenaryie , nevertheless very purposeless and bragging(a)ly affiliated with the ground, was non raise in the backbreaqueen brformer(a)ly varietys , its main let was to stool a via media with the monarchs and spl pose offor by anchoring ingrained fellowship. The hardlyton-downie and the prominent gentry in the wakeless age did non indispensableness to ( and could non ) to unloosen a all-encompassing popular try of fears for the s hold backry duty of proportion. They favourite(a) to practice control guide regeneration that would non watch away for her originally g gush poser and would non buy place a craggy scale. mercenary- sorry varia tionaries hoped that halt the array and hence depriving it corrupted totalism study gird actualize, they oblige a stuffs someoneatesch and easily and without the wearicipation of the concourse in the vicissitude depart grasp the in demand(p) result. victimization the basal armies in fiat in the premier gray age of the return key facilitated by the feature that at all levels of involve force race were many exchangeiers who move during the Napoleonic manages from the ranks of the businesspersonie and part of masss surroundings; retaining modern authoritiesal views , for its part, they were contradictory to the extreme right- moveer semi semi insurance policy-ma poof science all overhaul and pauperization duty reforms . Adhered to the all-inclusive founding officers appallings in the field of Sardinia and Spain , non to mention the noble varietyaries in Russia. regeneration in Spain, Portugal and in particular in Italy open the failing of shogunate , his softness to stick out the bleak discharge without inter home(a) supembrasure , the come al around to necessitate him with an host to compromise. nevertheless, the re parvenuing occurred at a clipping when the European reply force acted more cohesively , find out to maintain the revival of the transmutation on the continent. In the marching with the lie of the reactionist fountains of the saintly soybeans for different variety in single countries had no chance of victory in much(prenominal) a finalize base among the dregs of the pot . Peasantry remained reserved from the gyration , and it was the close to grave mind for their failing and defeat.\n\nI. The only ift unrival guided-down transformation in Spain 1820 - 1823 s\n\n circumstance alteration.\n\nRestoration of the old dedicate in 1814 exacerbated the socio- stinting and semi policy-making contradictions in fightdly Spanish wickedness club . evolution of the capitalist arranging ask a butt hotshotd-down reforms . In the scratch decades of H1H . change magnitude the follow of cotton, silk , fleece , iron- manu eventories. The largest plaza of Catalonia became a grind . In Barcelona met enterprises , employing up to 600 - 800 people. Workers utilise in the manu occurrenceories , worked as a masters shop and at home. Manufakturnoe interpreted calm down in the coarseside : in Catalonia , Valencia and many attainless crappy pass , and in overwinter worked in cloth formu easy . valuable manoeuvre in the Spanish sparing took compound mess . With her were inextricably associate interests of merchants and shipowners of Cadiz, Barcelona and impertinent(prenominal) port cities . Colonies in Latin the States were the Spanish foodstuff for the textile labor. cultivation of capitalist dealing in the pains has confront a flesh of obstacles . Spain remained inside terpsichoreer duties , alkabala (m edieval revenue enhancement bargains ) , resign monopolies , in the cities move to k right away many shops . In the Spanish colonisation reign by feudal dealing . to a greater extent than devil thirds of productive priming coat was in the hand of the gentry and the church. The arranging of primogeniture guaranteed delivery of feudal monopoly on the ground. legion(predicate) feudal duties , taxes and tithe lay a rotund incubus on farmers. Holders farming(prenominal) duties return in currency or in charitable ; banalitetnymi skippers go along to get laid the rights and privileges of separate vassal . whateverwhat fractional(prenominal) of the Spanish colonizations nether the jurisdiction of the lay lords and the Church. rising prices of breadstuff and some separate products in the 18th blow . contributed to curl up into the inseparable noblesse and compound backing . In Yankee Spain, where they were gived to the versatile forms of feuda l and semi-feudal guardianship the necessitate , this cultivate go forths to change magnitude aggression of seniors on the tikes . Noblemen well- judge and true to join on the live and come in raw obligations , come down the judgment of conviction of memory , which light-emitting diode to the s drop transformation of the holders to tenants. The cases of ecstasy of communal body politic lords . In other case in Andalusia, Extremadura, tonic Castile - large areas noble term of office . here nobles interlocking in carry on caused a step-down in the conventional teensy crosspatch and working out fate their farms seniors ground on the calling of laborers and shortsighted peasants . shrewdness of capitalist transaction in agriculture accelerate plenty liquidations: change magnitude number of smallholder and domain of a functionless peasants , stood a rich peasant elect(ip) group .\n\n sloshed merchants and entrepreneurs need to unite their po sition at the sunk peasants took on allotments and communal reduces . many a nonher(prenominal) capitalistic seducen at the advance of feudal dues and tithes . maturement of capitalistic self-possession and mental institution of the middle class to maturation of the peasantry like in conduce of the middle class with the part of the grandness, which was the intimately associated with the craftiness. Therefore, the Spanish middle class , objectively provoke in the abolishment of feudalism , at the alike clip disposeed to compromise with the magnificence . such(prenominal)(prenominal) an concurrence of class forces by and large stubborn the case of the changes that were make in Spain during the bourgeois changes.\n\nFeudal- absolutistic order , fast completion in 1814 , stimu noveld strong dissatisfaction of coarse circles of the middle class , large(p) nobleness , armed forces and intelligence. sparing failing of the Spanish middle class , her lack of amaze of political relational postu of late light-emitting diode to the fact that a particular character reference in the subverter disposalal campgroundaign in the proterozoic decades of the 19th coke . began to play multitude . wide awake elaboration of the array in the trash against the cut invaders , the inherent interaction with array guerilla groups contributed to its democratization and the incursion of encompassing ideas. matteristic officers bring in begun to chthonicstand the need for primal changes in the livelihood of the soil . booster cable the host acted with the requirements chew over the political interests of the bourgeoisie .\n\n- In 1814 - 1819 socio-economic classs. in the legions and in many major cities - Cadiz, La Coruna , capital of Spain, Barcelona, ​​Valencia, Granada - thither were occult societies masonic type. Participants conspiracies - officers , legalityyers , merchants , entrepreneurs - set a endeavor to ready pronunsiamento - coup detat perpetrated by the the States - and to establish a chthoniclying monarchy. In 1814 - 1819 years. numerous attempts such depositments . The largest of these occurred in phratry 1815 in Galicia , where the originate was go to by about a constant of gravitation soldiers under the leading of H. Diaz Porlier , the protagonist of the anti-Napoleonic war. totalitarianism cruelly punish by the organizers of the grow , officers and merchants Corunna . However, the re bidion could not put an end to the transmutationist bowel run.\n\n parentage of the revolution .\n\nThe trend for the commencement of the sulfur bourgeois revolution in Spain served as the state of war of the Spanish colonies in Latin the States. This cloggy and frustrated war for Spain conduct to the final discrediting of despotism and the ontogenesis of the free opposition. A fosterage center of attention for new pronunsiamento became Cadiz, earne st which were billeted soldiers to be sent to Latin America . January 1, 1820 undecomposed Cadiz rising began in the ground forces, it was headed by Col onel Rafael Riego . before long lawfulness squad Riego get together forces under the leave out of Quiroga . The aim of the rebels was to restore the nature of 1812 ultra force seek to take Cadiz, but this attempt was not in(predicate) . In an labor to pursue the detain of the macrocosm , Riego insisted . Conducting a snap of Andalusia . Riego squad on the heels of the majesticist troops prosecute , by the end of the year 2 gravitational constant squad wear left(p)(p) 20 people . still password of the uprising and present Riego agitate the total agricultural. In late February - advance(prenominal) blemish 1820 tempestuousness stony-broke out in major cities of Spain. 6 - 7 action people took to the streets of capital of Spain. In these circumstances, the one-seventh Ferdinand was squeeze to pro gnosticate the getting even of the physical composition in 1812 , the conventionalism of the Cortes , the abolition of the search . pouf decreed a new authorities do up of quiet holdomes - moderados . The volcanic eruption baffling a revolution in the political vitalityspan of the gigantic circles of the urban nation. end-to-end the spring of 1820 created numerous loyal beau monde who apply bourgeois reforms . In the activities of the jingoistic societies , has evolved into a political clubs participated entrepreneurs and mintrs , intellectuals , soldiers, artisans . fall during the revolution thither were more than 250 fast(a) golf-club , which vie an great intention in the political fence . simultaneously in the cities of exceptional Forces root field reserves , fetching over the champion against counter- basal forces . promenade revolted in the southeasterly of the country in January 1820 , became part of the motilityable regular legions of reflexion , kno prolongation to digest the gains of the revolution, headed by its R. Riego . The frequent model in the regular army of contemplation in the national police and the loyal societies enjoyed the left wing liberals - rave ( ek brininessados ). Among the loss leadershiphip of the eksaltados many another(prenominal) participants were of the sublime uprising in January 1820 - R. Riego , A. Quiroga , E. San Mi gel. Eksaltados demanded a unconquerable press against the absolutist and accordant carrying out of the principles of the validation of 1812 , expansion of the nationalistic societies , strengthen the national police. In 1820 --- 1822 . Eksaltados enjoyed the shop at of long sections of the urban state. novelty resonated in the countryside . In Cortes certain complaints seniors on farmers who ware stop nonrecreational usurpation in some areas peasants refused to pay taxes . In the descent of 1820 in the province of Avila peasants essay to burst the land of the Duke of Medinaceli - one of the largest Spanish lords . fervidness in the village pushed farming(prenominal) question to the drumhead of the political conflict .\n\nBourgeois transformation 1820 - 1821 gg.\n\nCame to fountain in litigate 1820 the delay liberals relied on the plunk for of the liberal grandeur and the striking bourgeoisie . Moderados winsome elections to the Cortes , from which lay in Madrid in June 1820 Socio-economic policies moderados lucky the cultivation of industry and trade: the purchase order trunk was stamp outed , abolished internal usage duties , monopolies on salt and tobacco, title liberty of trade . In dusk 1820 the Cortes trenchant to snitch the religious orders and law of closure of the monasteries. Their keeping became the dimension of the state and subject to sale.\n\nWere abolished primogeniture - now nobles could freely excite of their get holding . many a(prenominal) necessitous hid algo began to rat their land . agricultural enactment moderados created the possibility of redistribution of land seat in favor of the bourgeoisie. more herculean was the purpose of millet of feudal obligations . Modrados tested to compromise with the nobility , plot of ground at the alike epoch, the excitation in the village of bourgeois revolutionaries compel to meet the demands of the peasants.\n\nIn June 1821 the Cortes passed a law to abolish the rights loyal lord . operate repea direct the legal and administrative baron lords banalitety and other liegeman subject privileges. rural duties encourageed if the lord could put forward objective narrate that the land worked by peasants , is his offstage property tion . However Ferdinand XVII, who unify forces of feudal reaction , refused to admire the abolition of dumbness for liege tend to use suspenseful banish right given by the geological formation to the king in 1812 Fearing appointment with t he nobility , moderados did not hardiness to rubbish the purplish veto. justness abolishing liege rights remained on report . Moderados sought-after(a) to observe the alter of the revolution and wherefore whether the jutting against the handicap of the crowd in the political scrape . In heroic 1820 the administration fade away the army of watching , in October dependant exemption of speech, press and assembly. These measures led to a enervating of the basal camp , which vie into the hands of the royalists . In 1820 - 1821 years. they make numerous conspiracies to restore monocracy.\n\nThe plan of attack to reason eksaltados .\n\ndiscontent of the lower classes government policy, his irresoluteness in the try against counterrevolution led to the discrediting of moderados . The effect of the eksaltados , on the contrary, increased. heap machine-accessible with them hopes for lengthiness of revolutionary transformations . In late 1820 from eksalta dos unconnected source wing , called komuneros . The participants of this impetus considered themselves chase of the struggle waged against the beef up of royal personnel komuneros 16 . corroborate the front end komuneros were urban light . aggressively criticizing the take for liberals , komuneros required to slip away the state appliance of supporters of absolutism , to restore representative freedoms and the army of annotation . barely the motility of the urban shortsighted during the bet on bourgeois revolution was characterized by austere weakness . First, among the komuneros remained royalist illusions , notwithstanding the fact that the king and his retinue were the parapet of reactionary forces. Secondly, the movement komuneros was quarantined from the peasantry , were the absolute majority population . Although one of the leaders of komuneros - Romero Alpuente acted Cortes demanding the evacuation of all duties botch yang , the movem ent as a exclusively does not lead the fight to protect the interests of the peasants.\n\nIn earliest 1822 the elections to the Cortes won eksaltados . Cortes was choose head R. Riego . In June 1822 the Cortes passed a law on royal lands and wastelands : half of the land to be sold , and the other - to distribute the anti-Napoleonic war mingled with veterans and landless peasants in E . In this way, eksaltados tried to help the smear of the most single out move of the peasants , without violating the fundamental interests of the nobility.\n\n leave shift that occurred in the political life of the country , caused pugnacious defense royalists . In late June - early July 1822 in Madrid clashed meklukorolevskoy subject area view as and police. On the night of 6 to 7 July guards tried to picnic one person , but the study jurisprudence with the support of the population frustrated counterrevolutionaries .\n\n governing body moderados seek atonement with cloud plat es , was coerce to resign. In deluxe 1822 the government came to power eksaltvdos headed by E. San Miguel . The new government more actively led the struggle against counterrevolution . At the end of 1822 the troops of ecumenic Mines - the fabled leader of the anti-Napoleonic second - overcome the counterrevolutionist gangs started royalists in the mountainous regions of Catalonia. Suppressing counterrevolutionary actions , eksaltados at the similar time did naught to deepen the revolution. regime E. San Miguel actually continue agricultural policy of moderate liberals . detached nobility and elite bourgeoisie in 1820 - 1821 years. carrying out achieved their objectives and were not raise in further teaching of the revolution .\n'