Nordstrom Case Analysis Essay

Previous Nordstrom representatives blame them for utilizing out of line work and biased practices to threaten representatives and power them to perform undertakings like stocking and getting stock during non-working hours . Nordstrom workers get minimal conventional preparing when recruited or elevated to new positions, however they are required to play out their obligations predictable with the â€Å"Nordstrom Way† which is client assistance well beyond what would have been acceptable anyway. Preparing is casually given through hands on correspondence, which expands the open door for miscommunication. This correspondence can be intentional because of companion rivalry and weights to prevail from chiefs, or absence of information by colleagues and directors from whom they are urged to look for preparing. The executives aptitudes are not required to oversee workers, nor is preparing given to representatives who accomplish the executives positions. There is no genuine assessment framework set up to gauge representative execution. There is no objective setting process that requires â€Å"manager †worker pair sets benchmarks for estimating progress, especially when the representative is new in the role† (Harvard Business School Press, 2007). Objectives help to characterize what chiefs anticipate from their workers. The main representative measurement utilized that is quantifiable is Sales every Hours (SPH) despite the fact that there are other execution standards, for example, client support and collaboration which are a piece of the worker assessment process. Representatives who don't accomplish the base required SPH are classified as under-entertainers. On the off chance that SPH is reliably underneath the base standard set by the division administrator, this can prompt end or separation as workers feel awkward and deficient. After being recruited by Nordstrom representatives are informed that â€Å"the three Nordstrom execution standards: client care, efficiency and teamwork† (Buller, Paul F. what's more, Schuler, Randall S. , 2003) are should have been advanced. Anyway workers are not prompted with regards to how the rules will be assessed. The main assessment workers get is from their director, there is no optional layer of the board to survey the representative execution assessment to guarantee reasonableness. Nordstrom doesn't have a proper expansive assessment structure, thusly there is no consistency in the assessment procedure. The assessment strategy is diverse for every director, making it hard to look at worker execution over the distinctive useful zones in the organization. Representatives performing undertakings not legitimately identified with stock deal, are not made up for quite a long time worked. Observational learning was utilized to urge representatives to work non-auctioning hours off the clock â€Å"If one worker is giving a great deal of time it powers others to do the same† (Buller, Paul F. what's more, Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Representatives are compelled to stick to the casual authoritative culture or they are not viewed as cooperative people. Nordstrom ought to set up formal and predictable Standard Operating Procedures, to which their workers can depend on for direction. Directors ought to be required to go to preparing programs. This would empower administrators to give their workers formal preparing base on the company’s approaches and systems. Formal preparing alongside hands on preparing would assist with lightening a portion of the obstructions looked by current or new workers who are elevated to new situations inside the association. Workers ought to be given handbooks as well as preparing materials that explicitly plots how execution models will be estimated and assessed. Administrators and representatives need to build up objectives and approaches to accomplishing them. They should meet on an on-going premise to talk about representative advancement for every exhibition rules. Nordstrom has utilized their decentralized administration way to deal with construct an extremely fruitful and gainful retail domain. They empower enterprising open doors among their workers. New workers are given business cards and urged to assemble associations with their clients, by making individual â€Å"thank you† letters, and tracking stock they sell. They are likewise urged to build up a strong client base. Nordstrom permit workers to be associated with the dynamic procedure, by not confining them with bunches of rules, for example â€Å"Nordstrom supplanted its 20-page rule book with a one-page sheet and barely any useful tidbits: â€Å"Use your best judgment in all situations† (Buller, Paul F. nd Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). This permits workers to take the necessary steps to guarantee their clients are fulfilled. Self-inspiration courses are offered to the two representatives and directors with accentuation on setting day by day achievements. Representatives are permitted to set their very own objectives and the pace at which they accomplish those objectives. For instance one representative expressed â€Å"the first year I deliberately set quarterly objectives to accomplish the Pacesetter requirement†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦and firmly observed my progress† (Buller, Paul F. also, Schuler, Randall S. 2003). Representatives are given the adaptability to basically oversee themselves and track their own advancement with one target: keep deals every hour high comparative with hours worked. Representatives are properly made up for their difficult work and commitment â€Å"Nordstrom workers acquire the absolute most significant compensations in the retail business† (Buller, Paul F. what's more, Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). They likewise empower difficult work by advancing from inside which propels representatives to try sincerely as an advancement could prompt a more significant compensation and different motivations. Nordstrom utilizes uplifting comments by giving different motivators to representatives to urge them to accomplish high SPH, for instance free meals, money rewards and store limits. Workers who accomplish the most noteworthy deals are perceived by having their image shown in the store and furthermore having their names communicated over the store’s amplifier framework. Representatives can follow how they are acting corresponding to their friends all the time, as SPH figures are shown for all to see by means of outlines and electronic printouts. The issue emerged on the grounds that Nordstrom didn't have any conventional organization arrangements which are essential so as to set up required conduct from singular workers. Representative desires were not expressly conveyed and desires were set up by directors without worker association. Supervisors didn't set aside the effort to â€Å"find out what representatives think about the proposed expectations† (Harvard Business School Press, 2007). Their lone center was guaranteeing that Sales every Hour (SPH) stayed high, representative improvement was not essential to chiefs. Nordstrom’s recruiting strategy expects workers to be inborn â€Å"Nordies. † Nordies are â€Å"nice, roused, hardworking†¦.. self-engaged individuals who have an enterprising spirit† (Buller, Paul F. what's more, Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Workers and supervisors never team up to set individual objectives, rather objectives were set by departmental administrators or head supervisors, yet representatives are as yet expected to accomplish objectives. Remarkable execution was normal from all workers despite the fact that objectives were not independently customized. Workers who â€Å"regularly experienced difficulty meeting deals portions or adapting to strain to improve execution were dismissed† (Buller, Paul F. also, Schuler, Randall S. , 2003). Steep negative results were endured by workers that didn't perform adequate with their companions. Defining singular worker objectives and approaches to accomplish them will yield the most wanted outcome in the long haul. By giving conventional preparing to representatives, and unequivocally expressing what is normal from the worker, will bring about greater efficiency from representatives over the long haul and decrease the company’s turn-over rate. This will likewise lessen the expense for recruiting new representatives, as supplanting workers cost one and a half times the current representative compensation to enlist another worker, thusly setting aside Nordstrom cash in the long haul. On-going audit of representative advancement will assist with evening the odds and soothe a portion of the weights and terrorizing a few workers feel working at Nordstrom. Formal preparing of workers is both exorbitant and tedious. The time spent preparing workers brings down SPH as this time would be considered non-selling hours. Representatives who are effective under the current framework may oppose changes. Workers probably won't have the instructive ability to learn new procedures. Worker preparing is the best alternative, and will yield the most wanted long haul results. Create and reveal an expansive Standard Operating Procedure handbook utilizing contribution from outside sources so as to accomplish wanted outcomes. Build up an all inclusive assessment structure empowering normalization of the manner in which workers are assessed by directors. Turn out hands on preparing for all representatives, guaranteeing that all workers see how to play out their activity capacities. Give workers composed sets of responsibilities. Build up predictable extensive objectives. Objectives would then be able to be custom fitted for every office. Team up with every representative to build up how the objectives will be accomplished and the achievement dates for accomplishing those objectives. Set up a particular time period for investigating worker objectives. Offer worker input on an on-going premise.

Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 27

Morals - Essay Example e that the architects of Telecommunications influenced the dynamic procedure by setting up building details that no one but BNC could meet. The specialists got free travel and housing from BNC however simply after the activity was finished. Is there anything amiss with this image? Truly, in the event that the circumstance happened as has been portrayed above, at that point the kick backs with the expectation of complimentary travel are just stretched out as an immediate consequence of the earlier dishonest degree of business association between the two gatherings being referred to (Santoro, 2010). 3. Do you imagine that Ed Keller is on the whole correct to be worried about the estimations of Telecommunications and the senior designers who acknowledged the proposals of free travel and housing? Why or why not? In the event that you accept that Keller’s concerns are justified, which esteems ought to be of worry to him? He is on the whole correct to be concerned; in any case, he should likewise be cautious with respect to seeming to exceed the limits of his set of working responsibilities. Eventually, whole morals offices and lawful groups exist as a methods for understanding the extraordinary subtleties of performing business in transnational settings; in any case, if authentically worried about respects to the offer procedure, he ought to have just asked what was standard acknowledged practice instead of seeming to scrutinize the legitimateness or moral nature of the commitment that occurred in Colombia (Cragg and Muchlinski, 2013). Along these lines he would not have run over in an accusatory tone however rather showed up as though he were just planning to increase a more noteworthy degree of information with respect to standard

Spring Break!

Spring Break! Its always exciting to get not just a three-day weekend, but an entire week free from classes! Back in high school spring break was in the middle of April, but here its at the end of March. Most other colleges have spring break a week or two earlier, meaning we dont get to see many of our high school friends when we go home. :( But, this is because they start the spring semester weeks before we do because we have IAP. So ha! Well, this entry is a bit premature. Many people are still in class. In fact Im in an Athena cluster right now, supposed to be working on my UROP but instead writing this. By the way, a few weeks ago I got a UROP! I never thought Id be joining the ~85% of the MIT population which eventually does research in a UROP, but surprise surprise. I wont bore you with details, but my group wants to change old power plants into cogeneration plants (those output both power and heat) by channeling the waste heat into heating for surrounding buildings. Yay! Where was I? Oh, spring vacation. I used to go home for spring break, but since I dont really like home that much I decided to stay at my boyfriends home in DE. Hopefully itll get warm enough to walk along the beaches at least! Before then Im trying to clean my room, so that one day I can take pictures and write a post about my awesome room in East Campus for you. :) Happy Spring~~~~! ^_^ Spring Break! At approximately 9.30 pm on Thursday night, Spring Break will begin. I leave for (blank) on Saturday. Anyone want to guess where Im going? Hint #1: Its not the Pappalardo Lab. (although if I were staying at MIT for Spring Break, Id definitely be down there working on 2.007) Hint #2 I have to travel east from Boston to get there. Spring Break! So Im sitting in the airport in Toronto on my way to London where I will be next week for Spring Break as well as Paris. Ill be sure to post photos and entries all this week. If you happen to be in London or Paris or have suggestions as to what to do, let me know! Cheerio!

Dieppe Raid in World War II

The Dieppe Raid took place during World War II (1939-1945).  Launched on August 19, 1942, it was an Allied effort to capture and occupy the port of Dieppe, France for a short period. The primary objective of the raid was to gather intelligence and test strategies for the invasion of Europe. Despite the element of surprise being lost, the operation went forward and was a complete failure. The largely Canadian forces that landed suffered losses of over 50%.  The lessons learned during the Dieppe Raid influenced later Allied amphibious operations. Background Following the Fall of France in June 1940, the British began developing and testing new amphibious tactics which would be needed in order to return to the Continent. Many of these were utilized during the commando operations conducted by Combined Operations. In 1941, with the Soviet Union under extreme pressure, Joseph Stalin asked Prime Minister Winston Churchill to expedite the opening of a second front. While British and Americans forces were not in a position to launch a major invasion, several large raids were discussed. In identifying potential targets, Allied planners sought to test tactics and strategies that could be used during the main invasion. Key among these was whether a large, fortified seaport could be captured intact during the initial phases of the attack. Also, while infantry landing techniques had been perfected during the commando operations, there was concern regarding the effectiveness of the landing craft designed to carry tanks and artillery, as well as questions regarding the German response to the landings. Moving forward, planners selected the town of Dieppe, in northwest France, as the target. The Allied Plan Designated Operation Rutter, preparations for the raid began with the goal of implementing the plan in July 1942. The plan called for paratroopers to land east and west of Dieppe to eliminate German artillery positions while the Canadian 2nd Division assaulted the town. In addition, the Royal Air Force would be present in force with the goal of drawing the Luftwaffe into battle. Embarking on July 5, the troops were aboard their ships when the fleet was attacked by German bombers. With the element of surprise eliminated, it was decided to cancel the mission. While most felt the raid was dead, Lord Louis Mountbatten, the head of Combined Operations, resurrected it on July 11 under the name Operation Jubilee. Working outside of the normal command structure, Mountbatten pressed for the raid to go forward on August 19. Due to the unofficial nature of his approach, his planners were forced to utilize intelligence that was months old. Changing the initial plan, Mountbatten replaced the paratroopers with commandos and added two flank attacks designed to capture the headlands that dominated Dieppes beaches. Fast Facts: Dieppe Raid Conflict: World War II (1939-1945)Dates: August 19, 1942Armies Commanders:AlliesLord Louis MountbattenMajor General John H. Roberts6,086 menGermanyField Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt1,500 menCasualties:Allies: 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were capturedGermany: 311 killed and 280 wounded Early Problems Departing on August 18, with Major General John H. Roberts in command, the raiding force moved across the Channel towards Dieppe. Issues quickly arose when the eastern commando forces ships encountered a German convoy. In the brief fight that followed, the commandos were scattered and only 18 successfully landed. Led by Major Peter Young, they moved inland and opened fire on the German artillery position. Lacking the men to capture it, Young was able to keep the Germans pinned down and away from their guns. Lieutant Colonel The Lord Lovat of No. 4 Commando, at Newhaven after returning from the Dieppe Raid. Public Domain Far to west, No. 4 Commando, under Lord Lovat, landed and quickly destroyed the other artillery battery. Next to land were the two flank attacks, one at Puys and the other at Pourville. Landing at Pourville, just to the east of Lovats commandos, Canadian troops were put ashore on the wrong side of the Scie River. As a result, they were forced to fight through town to gain the only bridge across the stream. Reaching the bridge, they were unable to get across and were forced to withdraw. To the east of Dieppe, Canadian and Scottish forces hit the beach at Puys. Arriving in disorganized waves, they encountered heavy German resistance and were unable to get off the beach. As the intensity of the German fire prevented rescue craft from approaching, the entire Puys force was either killed or captured. A Bloody Failure Despite the failures on the flanks, Roberts pressed on with the main assault. Landing around 5:20 AM, the first wave climbed up the steep pebble beach and encountered stiff German resistance. The attack on the eastern end of the beach was stopped completely, while some progress was made at the western end, where troops were able to move into a casino building. The infantrys armor support arrived late and only 27 of 58 tanks successfully made it ashore. Wounded on the beach at Dieppe, August 19, 1942. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Those that did were blocked from entering the town by an anti-tank wall. From his position on the destroyer HMS Calpe, Roberts was unaware that the initial assault was trapped on the beach and taking heavy fire from the headlands. Acting on fragments of radio messages which implied that his men were in the town, he ordered his reserve force to land. Taking fire all the way to the shore, they added to the confusion on the beach. Finally around 10:50 AM, Roberts became aware that the raid had turned into a disaster and ordered the troops to withdraw back to their ships. Due to heavy German fire, this proved difficult and many were left on the beach to become prisoners. The deadly result of enfilade fire during the Dieppe Raid of 1942: dead Canadian soldiers lie where they fell on Blue Beach. Trapped between the beach and fortified sea wall, they made easy targets for MG 34 machineguns in a German bunker. The bunker firing slit is visible in the distance, just above the German soldiers head. Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-291-1205-14 / Koll / CC-BY-SA 3.0 Aftermath Of the 6,090 Allied troops that took part in the Dieppe Raid, 1,027 were killed and 2,340 were captured. This loss represented 55% of Roberts total force. Of the 1,500 Germans tasked with defending Dieppe, losses totaled around 311 killed and 280 wounded. Severely criticized after the raid, Mountbatten defended his actions, citing that, despite its failure, it provided vital lessons which would be used later in Normandy. In addition, the raid led Allied planners to drop the notion of capturing a seaport during the initial stages of the invasion, as well as showed the importance of pre-invasion bombardments and naval gunfire support.

Is Sloth Not A Common Problem - 1025 Words

In this modern day, most people would look at the word, sloth, and immediately define it as laziness; but it takes our own willfulness to act as such. We might not see it that way, but sloth is not just doing nothing- or being lazy, no, sloth can and does happen when one is too busy doing a great many other tasks other that what we need to do- distraction a common problem in today’s society. We are too busy to focus on what matters because â€Å"our hectic lives are examples of the narcotic effect of acedia among us, the â€Å"spiritual morphine† that Norris wrote about. All this activity is a way of coping with pain† (Senkbeil, 2014). Sloth itself is a sort of neglect, it keeps one from their priorities, disguising itself as the great many other commitments that must be completed on a daily, weekly and monthly basis. Keeping busy, because they would otherwise be perceived as lazy or slothful is not the answer; â€Å"We are constantly busy; we can’t po ssibly be accused of being slothful or lazy† (Senkbeil)! But note that according to McMartin, â€Å"both laziness and workaholism can be potential symptoms of the deeper spiritual vice of acedia† (2013) but not sloth itself. â€Å"We miss opportunities because of wrong investment. This leads to emptiness (in our life, mind, and soul). Then it leads to consequence, which leads to excuses. We make excuses and give in to circumstance, which empowers our situation and disempowers us† (Gilligan, 2016)! Instead there must be a diligent effort toShow MoreRelated7 Deadly Sins: Essay1073 Words   |  5 Pagesgoods and the attendant power. †¢ a fearful need to store up surplus goods for a vaguely defined time of want. †¢ a desire for more earthly goods for their own sake. - The Greed of Power The real problem here is more the desire for power than the actual greed. A common thread for sin in general is that it is often borne out of fear. A fear of helplessness or loss of control can turn into a lust for power as a way of preventing an undesirable situation. The parable of the man withRead MoreWhat Is a Sloth ?2287 Words   |  10 PagesARTICLE ABOUT SLOTHS Sloths  (/ˈsloÊŠÎ ¸/  sloh-th,  /ˈslÉ’Î ¸/  slo-th)[2]  are medium-sized  mammals  belonging to the  families  Megalonychidae  (two-toed sloth) and  Bradypodidae  (three-toed sloth), classified into six  species. They are part of the  order  Pilosa  and are therefore related to  anteaters, which sport a similar set of specialized claws. Extant sloths are  arboreal  (tree-dwelling) residents of the  jungles  of  Central  and  South America, and are known for being slow-moving, and hence named sloths. ExtinctRead MoreThe Introduction Of The Modular Model Of Thought, By Jerry1468 Words   |  6 Pageshighlighted no better than in the area of innovation, in which, N showed almost no progress after almost 150 thousand years.These modules, as they are currently understood, show the complexity of thought not through general intelligence, as is more common in the animal kingdom, but rather, through specific intelligence and instin ctual intelligence coalescing into the modules of natural history, technology, social, and language modules of intelligence.   These differences tend toward the developmentRead MoreThe Ancestor s Tale By Richard Dawkins Essay1666 Words   |  7 Pageskilling and more indirect effects. Humans introduced dogs, pigs, rats, and religious refugees. The first three ate dodo eggs, and the last planted sugar cane and destroyed habitats† (Dawkins). All the tales of these extinct species have one thing in common – a species live in harmony in its home until an invasive species destroy them, and humans are the antagonist in each story. The sick thing is we are still in the middle of and part of these stories. As expected, a list of tigers, elephants, frogsRead MoreWho Prays For Satan?2657 Words   |  11 Pages â€Å"But who prays for Satan? Who, in eighteen centuries, has had the common humanity to pray for the one sinner that needed it most?† Society is filled with morally wrong, wicked, evil people with and without conscious. Humans in this cold world will watch someone be killed or robbed and pretend as if they didn’t see a thing either because they are that cold hearted or because an immoral evil person has instilled fear in them. What is society’s definition of evil? How do they view the seven deadlyRead MoreMedia And Body Size And Social Relations1397 Words   |  6 Pagesbodies with discipline and responsibility. The article wants readers to make it their goal to change the way media defines body sizes. This article is important because it shows how media can ignore the truth, like larger people may have health problems that cause them to be obese and instead media says they just do not care about their body, or that they cant make the right choices in life in order to be this ideal body size. In the African American culture women who are bigger are more appreciatedRead MoreAmazon Rain Forest : Tropical Climate833 Words   |  4 Pagesaround 500 different species of mammals and 475 reptiles. Some of the most common species of animals found in the Amazon include the following: anaconda, ant, anteater, beetle, boa constrictor, pit viper, butterfly, katydid, piranha, capybara, caiman, puma, tarantula , tree frog, moth, tapir, cockroach, iguana, jaguar, cougar, deer, lemur, orangutan, marmoset, pink dolphin, wild dog, wolf, raccoon, otter, ocelot, three-toed sloth, and mosquito. (World Book) In summary, the Amazon Rain Forest is the mostRead MoreCause and Effect Essay on Obesity962 Words   |  4 Pagesphrase) While there are many causes for the epidemic of obesity and related health problems including irresponsibility of the consumer, parental influence, easy access to fast food, we believe the main cause for this problem is the advertisement of corporations. The irresponsibility of the consumer is one of the main reasons for the increase of obesity and health related problems. Some people make eating fast food a common meal when it should be a rare decision. David Zinczenko states in his articleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article A Question Of Honor 952 Words   |  4 PagesSebastian Poe CO150.801 Kathryn Hulings Essay #1 Plagiarism, by almost every light, is a serious problem deserving of time, attention and care. However, its prevention is a complex, difficult question, complicated by excessive sloth and lack of action from administrators. The article â€Å"A Question of Honor†, written by William Chace, a professor and concerned citizen, is effective at reaching its intended audience. Largely, the intended audience is students, professors, and administrators who areRead MoreTropical Caribbe Climate Of The Caribbean Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagessenses on them that can detect streams of water given off by oysters and other prey. Antillean Manatee Manatees are large, fully aquatic, mostly herbivorous marine mammals sometimes known as sea cows. Green Iguana The green iguana, also known as common iguana, is a large mostly herbivorous species of lizard. Basilisk lizards The green basilisk can walk on water. It drops out of trees and runs very quickly across water to escape predators. The green basilisk runs on its back legs on the water.

Mongols in the Middle East Free Essays

The Mongols were raiders, clan warriors, and rulers of a transcontinental empire in the thirteen century.   Also referred to as the Tatars and barbarians, they conquered Persia before moving on to Europe with the Khan of Khans, Genghis Khan as their most important leader.   Eventually the Mongols made an empire for themselves which is known as the largest contiguous empire in world history. We will write a custom essay sample on Mongols in the Middle East or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Europe, the Mongols first attacked Hungary in the year 1241.   They smashed all military opposition in Poland and the Balkans before regrouping to push west.   The Mongol invasion of all Europe could have been completed in the course of a year.   However, an unexpected message arrived to call back all Mongols to Genghis Khan.   Europe was partly delivered.   But Islam was not. By the year 1220, the Mongols had captured Samarkand and Bukhara.   And, in the year 1255, the Mongol rulers of Persia went to war against the Caliph of Islam in Baghdad.   Led by Genghis Khan’s grandson, Hulagu Khan, they invaded Syria and Palestine, and in 1258, captured Baghdad, destroying the city and killing the Abbasid Caliph in the process. Baghdad, before the Mongol invasion, was one of the centers of intellectual activity for the entire globe.   By attacking the center, the Mongols pretty much snuffed out the intellectual flowering of the time.   Besides, the city had had its agriculture supported by a canal network thousands of years in age.   The Mongols also destroyed the physical structure of Baghdad – before then referred to as the City of Peace – by filling in the irrigation canals and leaving Iraq  too depopulated to restore them.   The barbarians had killed around eighty thousand people of Baghdad. After Baghdad, the Mongols marched westward, but were halted at Ayn Jalut, one of the decisive battlefields of history near Nazareth in Israel.   In the year 1260, the Turkish and Egyptian forces routed the Mongols at Ayn Jalut, thereby preventing the enemy from attacking Egypt and North Africa.   The Golden Horde Mongols of Russia sided with the Turks and the Egyptians to turn against their own kind. By coming into contact with the Muslims through invasions, countless Mongols began to embrace Islam.   Ghazan Khan Mahmud, a Mongol ruler, officially adopted Islam as the religion of the state at the dawn of the fourteenth century.   During this period, the Mongols built mosques and schools, and patronized all sorts of scholarship. Then again, Tamerlane, the world conqueror, appeared among the Mongols, leading the barbarian forces to sweep down on Central Asia, India, Iran, Iraq, and Syria; occupying Aleppo and Damascus; and threatening the Mamluks.   The Muslims survived their invaders.   Nonetheless, the damage had been done.   Some of the regions occupied by the Muslims in the past did never recover fully, and the Muslim empire never fully regained its enormous power held in the past. The Mongol invasions happened to be a major cause of subsequent decline that set in throughout the heartland of the Arab East.   The Mongols, in their sweep through the Muslim world, had killed and deported innumerable scholars as well as scientists; destroyed libraries along with their irreplaceable works; and thereby set the stage for general intellectual decline in the Middle East.   By wiping out the invaluable cultural, scientific, and technological legacy that  the Muslim scholars had been preserving for some five hundred years – the Mongols had left an indelible mark on the minds of the Middle Easterners.   After the Mongols, the Middle East never really reached the height of intellectual supremacy it once had reached. The Mongols came to rule the entire Middle East except for Egypt.   Traditionally the worshippers of heaven, the Mongols had believed in their divine right to rule the entire world.   The Muslims in the Middle East had also believed in their own supremacy until this time.   This is because the Holy Qur’an had referred to the believers as the best of communities raised on earth.   The Mongol invasions were a bitter disappointment for the Muslims of the Middle East, seeing that they showed how the great Muslim Caliphate could be routed easily by a band of barbarians. A serious setback for the Muslims of the Middle East, Mongols ruled the Middle Easterners from Persia instead of Baghdad, crushing the Arab sense of superiority in the process.   The masters had turned into subjects.   This, indeed, was an important lesson for Middle Easterners, seeing that the events of the centuries to come held even greater blows in store for them. Muslim historians have asserted that the Mongol invasion of the Middle East was a punishment from God for the rulers of the Muslim world that had turned to corruption.   Moreover, God does not tolerate arrogance on the part of a race that comes to rule another.   The Middle Easterners had, by this time, seen tremendous successes almost everywhere in the world.   And yet, the Abbasids had overthrown the Umayyads, thereby setting the stage for Middle Eastern decline.   This is because Islam does not set brother against brother.   It may very well be that rulers from the Middle East had begun overthrowing one another for power alone rather than  Islam.   In fact, the same pattern was applied among the Mughal emperors of the subcontinent, who too were eventually overthrown by â€Å"outsiders†. When the Ottomans were overthrown by â€Å"outsiders† after the First World War, it was a reminder for the Muslim world.   As a matter of fact, the Mongols were brought to mind.   Once again, the Muslim Caliphate had been done away with. One of the reasons cited by Muslim scholars for the fall of the Muslim Caliphate is that many of the caliphs who came after Prophet Muhammad and his friends, Abu Bakr, Usman, Umar, and Ali – were defeated because they had built grand empires at the cost of discarding thoughts about the afterlife.   In fact, right up to the Ottomans, the Muslims had formed a truly magnificent empire. Harems were common, and there was just too much excitement over worldly affairs to let the afterlife be of much concern to the rulers as well as their subjects.   In actuality, Muslims are meant to be focused on the afterlife instead of worldly affairs.   Even though the grandeur of David and Solomon is not disdained, many of the caliphs of Islam after the first few ones are truly known to have turned too much attention on worldly affairs.   This, according to Muslim historians, was one of the chief causes of Middle Eastern decline. The Mongols stay in the consciousness of the Middle Easterners today as a reminder of the brutal past – a past for which only they were held responsible.   The reminder is beneficial.   In point of fact, the history of the Mongols among the Middle Easterners is only meant to bring the Muslims of the Middle East closer to God, and the real spirit of Islam.       How to cite Mongols in the Middle East, Essay examples

Defining Success free essay sample

I think the correct definition of success is being healthy, having a career that is fulfilling to myself, having the ability to have financial freedom, having a happy home and family, having a healthy relationship with a significant other, and being someone who you are genuinely proud of being. In order to be a successful person and do all the things you need to do to get to your, â€Å"desired outcome,† you need to be a healthy person. Being healthy could mean working out every day or in my case it would mean playing field hockey, which is something that I am passionate about doing, so that makes playing fun. I strongly believe that being active affects the level of happiness you bring to your life. Every person has their own passions and their own interests in different topics. I have a strong interest in the Medical field and everything that has to do with Anatomy and Biology likewise I love working with people so my dream is to become an anesthesiologist. We will write a custom essay sample on Defining Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In order for me to define my career as successful I want to have full days of helping others. I want to be ready to go home at the end of the day, and wake up excited to go to work. I believe my success will be directly linked to my background. When I was younger I watched my single mom struggle. I know it was really hard for her because she was going to school, working full time, and taking me back and forth from day care. Because of her I never had a doubt in my mind about going to college, it was just something I knew I was going to do, but I wasn’t sure what I was going to do in school until my aunt got sick; every day I watched her suffer in pain because of what her cancer was doing to her and I remember saying to my mom, â€Å"I want to help her. That’s when the anesthesiologist came in and gave her a shot that stopped the pain, and from then on I thought of anesthesiologists as heroes. The career path I have chosen will bring me financial freedom. One of my biggest goals in life is to never have to worry about how I’m going to pay my next bill. My ideal finial life style is having enough money to sustain my ideal lifestyle, which wou ld mean a lot of traveling and having a beautiful house. Happiness is in the home. I want to have a beautiful home where I come home and relax and going swimming in my heated pool! I think a good family is a support system, and life throws curve balls, so in order for everyone in the household to be successful as well I would need to have a family that has good communication, humor, support one another, and most of all a lot of love. I want to come home to a house full of happy people and live as a true family who doesn’t fight 24/7, because then life would be not only tolerable but worth living too. In order to have my ideal family, I need a significant other. I would describe my perfect significant other as someone who makes me feel confident in everything that I do, they would motivate me to better myself, they would communicate well, and most of all I want to be in love. I never want to have a doubt about my husband if I get married, because I feel marriage should be something you don’t even have to think about, you should never think, â€Å"do I really want to spend the rest of my life with this person? I feel it should just all flow together and when the time comes and he asks you to marry him it should be an automatic, â€Å"yes. † Being someone who you are proud of being is something that a lot of people tend to look past these days. If you set personal goals and achieve them that is something to be proud of, whether those goals are rearranging your bedroom, volunteering, or even huge goals of going back to college it will make you feel better. Even though you would think that being someone your proud of would only affect you your wrong because people that are proud bring passion to life and that affects other people, you could end up inspiring someone to better themselves. To be successful in life everyone should define what success means to them. You’re always going to have struggles in life, but you need to push though them in order to live the life you want. Drive yourself to take your passion and your fears and challenge them, push yourself out of your comfort zones. As Bill Gates would say, â€Å"Life is not fair; get used to it. †

To Live by Necessity is to Know True Freedom free essay sample

She describes he natural beauty of Hollies Pond in depth, but also describes the noticeable traces of humanity: beer cans under the bushes; motorcycle tracks woven Into the ground; a highway that sits at one end of the pond. She seems to have observed that this remarkable piece of shallowness (Dullard 1) has over time, become tainted with the traces of humanity. She notices indications of worldly necessities, but chooses to do only that-?notice. She decides not to indulge her notices into becoming unessential distractions.Most of humanity goes against that grain and accepts distractions to fine them, afraid that without them, they may not have an identity. Dullard in fact uses her own power of choice to not let the traces of humanity keep her from seeing the true beauty of Hollies Pond. Dullard makes constant reference to the word wild. She begins her essay with the phrase, A weasel is wild (Dullard 1) and continues to describe the meaning of wild which eventually causes her to desire that characteristic. We will write a custom essay sample on To Live by Necessity is to Know True Freedom or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But her definition of wild becomes more sophisticated as she further observes the weasel. Before the weasel encounter, Dullard seems to think that a wild weasel has no sense of direction and purpose In life. But when that long glance between the two takes place, she comes to realize that people are not as free as they appear to be. This is both an upsetting, yet Inspiring moment for Dullard. She Is upset that her perception of freedom, is not letting her live freely at all, but she is inspired to learn how to find and utilize her newly defined form of freedom. She changes her logic of wild and instead defines it as the dignity of living without bias or motive (Dullard 3). She ultimately concludes that a wild nature can in reality be a calm nature by, yielding, not fighting (Dullard 3). Dullard now uses the word wild In hopes that It will have a deeper connotation to Its meaning. She subtly emphasizes that one attribute of the word wild is drive-?the drive of instinct, which in turn, can also be defined as freedom. Dullard advises that to gain this true freedom, one must, stalk [their] calling O locate the most tender and live spot (Dullard 3). Humanity must have a desire to live by necessity, following instinct. For freedom is not attainable without a yearning. But it is a matter of the desire combined with choice that Influences the result of how one lives freely. Dullard defines what living by necessity really means. She Identifies that humanitys perception of necessity Is skewed, as hers was. Certain distractions in the world become natural to individuals, numbing them as to what real freedom feels like. Distractions have been accepted by humanity to define them.Humanity has taken these outside distractions, which are unimportant to survival, and has transitioned them to internal problems and worries. Society alone has allowed and accepted this transition, nothing else. Dullard explains not encourage the abandonment of reason for instinct. She simply implies that instinct is reason enough. She writes in her essay, l would like to learn, or remember, how to live (Dullard 2). This phrase denotes that she once, or humanity once knew how to live-?she Just needs to remember what living really indicates.Dullard acknowledges the fact that society once knew how to live as the weasel, acting on instinct and yielding every moment to the perfect freedom of single necessity (Dullard 3). Too many people mold, and form themselves to become what they think is right for society standards, when in reality, simple living in the natural state is the origin of true freedom. Living behind superficial walls is misguided happiness. True happiness comes when instinct takes control. Being raw individuals elevates humanity to real freedom.Dullard describes the weasel as being, obedient to instinct (Dullard 1), not distracted by its surroundings. The weasel may notice the surroundings, but he chooses to let them have no affect on his actions, Just like Dullard chose not to let the unnatural surroundings at Hollies Pond have an affect on her. Instinct is a form of lesson. Dullard makes reference to the weasels behavior stating that, instinct taught him (Dullard 1). This implies that instinct at one point, might have been unnatural, but can be learned if we are willing-?it is only a matter of choice.Some individuals think that life is dependent on the circumstances that make up society. But those peoples perceptions on life are skewed. It is those surroundings that are distractions to humanitys natural, simplistic life that many fail to live. Dullard says, l come to Hollies Pond not so much to learn how to live as, frankly, to forget about it (Dullard 2). Indeed, true living is achieved when outside disturbances are removed. Too live by necessity, is to know true freedom.

Jack in the Box Franchise Essays

Jack in the Box Franchise Essays Jack in the Box Franchise Essay Jack in the Box Franchise Essay What is Jack in The Box? Jack in the Box is a fast food burger restaurant that serves everything from breakfast sandwiches to tacos and egg rolls. Jack in the box was founded in 1952 by a business man named Robert O. Patterson who opened the first Jack in the Box in San Francisco, California. The restaurant first started off as a drive-thru only place that served burgers for just 18 cents to motorist on the highway. Now the restaurant and their trademark clown are among the nation’s leading fast-food hamburger chains with over 2,200 restaurants in 19 states. Financial Condition As of August 2011 Jack in the box has made $150 million dollars and has opened 6 new restaurants since December 2010. Jack in the Box has also become one of the top fast-food places in the nation, and has only closed a total of 6 restaurants out of the 2,200 they have in the nation. Requirements for Franchising To open a restaurant candidates must have a number of qualifications. Some of these qualifications are franchise and restaurant management experience, a net worth of $1,500,000, the ability to develop at least 5 more restaurants, and a passion for the restaurant industry. Why it will be successful I believe Jack in the Box can be successful in Bloomington/Normal because there menu offers a variety of foods that other fast food places don’t such as churros, egg rolls, tacos, funnel cakes, cheesecakes, etc. There prices could also compete with other restaurants such as steak n shake, and Sonic with a Sirloin Cheeseburger being only $4. 00. There dollar menu also offers more options than McDonalds with them serving 2 tacos, jumbo hamburgers, salads, and egg rolls just to name a few. Qdoba is also a sister restaurant of Jack in the Box, and has been doing well in twon. Where it would be located I would put the restaurant in the plaza where the Schnucks was recently built or by Moe’s Southwest grill. I think this location would be best because there aren’t too many fast food places over there except Wendy’s. There would just be one in town for now until the company knows for sure that the restaurant is in high demand and is making profit. There could also be opportunities in adding another restaurant in Champaign, IL on University of Illinois’s campus. This location could lead to a big success for the company because of the thousands of college students that live there and Champaign is also seen as a vacation spot. Risks Some risks with opening a Jack in the Box is that there are already many hamburger restaurants in Bloomington/Normal with McDonalds with a majority of them so adding another would overwhelm people in the community. Opening this restaurant would be a high risk because of the already established fast-food restaurants that are in Bloomington/Normal make up a big majority of the market.

Analyze response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyze response - Essay Example While critically examining the title of the book, one can see that the title carries two different meanings, according to Horwitz’s point of view. The first meaning that can be extracted from the title gives glimpses of Horwitz’s interest in the Civil war. Horwitz came from a Jewish family in Russia and, therefore, he grew up in the North but it was in his early age that he became fascinated with the myths and history of the South. He states that during his childhood he wrote about many wars and also drew paintings of some of the historically significant wars that took place in the attic of his home. One of the main purposes of Tony Horwitz’s book â€Å"Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the unfinished civil war† is to find and reexamine the link and question as to why a North based resident having an active political life as a student still finds himself attracted to the war stories that he has struggled to work against in his entire life. The anc illary meaning drawn from the title of Horwitz’s book emphasizes on its regional meaning. Horwitz still finds himself attached to the momentous memories of this national event (the Civil War). Horwitz mentions that when he visits the war sites in the South, he finds the unreconstructed mutineers who were attached to their ancient beliefs. He also meets some of the re-enactors who attempt to live the moments to experience the death and lives of soldiers all over again. Horwitz isn’t surprised to realize this disheartening fact that as one moves towards the racial line, the attitude of people towards war starts changing. Perhaps, this was one of the reasons that why the subtitle of his book is â€Å"Dispatches of the unfinished civil war†. In order to prove that the memories of the war are still alive in the minds of people and the war is unfinished, he travelled to each of the eastern and southern states where the Civil war took place. Horwitz’s friend Rob , who was an enactor, invited him to a high speed car tour to the war sites and this tour was named â€Å"The Civil Wargasm†. It was during this road trip Horwitz became the captive of the past and he got to experience the events of the Civil war all over again (Madden). This book is considered as a personal exploration of the modern attraction with Confederacy in the South of America. When he as a child was living in Maryland, Horwitz had his own fascination with war. This fascination later rekindled him when he met a group of en-actors who contributed all their resources while reliving the lives of the soldiers. There were series of trips plotted by Horwitz to the war sites which made him realized the fact that the war is unfinished as its aftereffects were so prominent that people were reliving the memories of the war that their ancestor lived through in the past. In the starting of the book, Horwitz discusses his strange childhood memory where his weekend sleep often got disturbed by the loud sound of gunfire. Horwitz, as a little boy, found himself mostly engrossed in the stories of civil war. He drew sketches of wars imagining the Yankee and Dixie soldiers fighting in a battle and penned down stories of war. He worked a number of years as a war correspondence and it was his encounter with the â€Å"men in grey† which prompted him to critically analyze the fascination of his own country with wars. Horwitz’s childhood memories are inflicted by the glimpses of war and, perhaps, it was the reason behind compiling

Business Report Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Report - Term Paper Example The founder was Ms.CarrollCaire who acted as the director. Co-founders included Johnson. P. K and Katherine Powell. Initially Katherine was the secretary general while Johnson was the manager. The hotel has twenty two employees and has two locations in the city(Ford, 2008). The company has experienced tremendous growth since2014 due to the increasing number of tourists in the city. The profit increased by a profit margin of 12% since its foundation. In 2013 the hotel was among the best hotels in the city in the 2009-2010 financial years. The main services and products include catering and accommodation services. Recreational services such as swimming and gymnastics are also available to the clients at a fee. There are some fast food shops that sell artistic assets to the tourists at a cheap price(Begley, 2006). Business report is a form of assignment that serves to analyze a using application of business theories to produce a range of suggestions for improvement of the business of a given client or firm. This business plan will thus demonstrate my analytical, reasoning, and evaluation skills while identifying and weighing-up possible solutions and outcomes of the personalized customer service in Pacino Sky Fall Hotel. The business plan will also examine available and potential solutions to solve problematic situations or issue arising from customer’s feedback information desk(Taggart & Publications, 2009). In an attempt to make customers delightful a hotel company need to find out what makes their clients tick. There is a great need to monitor the service users and learn what they deem important by setting up metrics to measure their behavioral changes. The main agenda is to increase customer’s engagement and service fulfillment(Begley, 2006). Personalized customer service is a system that focuses on customer’s

Monetary Policy and Financial Institutions of Kenya

Monetary Policy and Financial Institutions of Kenya CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION The world is turning into a â€Å"demon† to its own people as many are living in deplorable situations that are hardly bearable. The price level have risen sharply in the recent past coupled with dwindling wage levels and declining growth rate, especially, in majority of African countries where poverty has embedded itself to an extent that people in these countries live below one dollar per day. However, majority of governments have embarked on instituting major reforms through introduction of avant-garde monetary policy schemes, which forge the way forward through which the monetary authority re-design its policy by focusing primarily on price stability as the primary objective. In the last twenty years, majority of both developed and emerging economies respectively have embarked on IT framework as their best choice in conducting monetary policy, with none of inflation countries targeters abandoning the framework, save for Finland and Spain, that have already joined the European Monetary System (EMS) in late 90s. IT-framework; an approach to management of monetary policy was pioneered by the New Zealand Government in 1990 after it abandoned its pegged exchange rate five years later. By the year 2009, over twenty-five countries comprised of developed, emerging, and developing countries around the world had so far espoused the IT-Framework and have reported greater achievement of low inflation rate. Majority of these countries mainly from Latin America, East Asia and United Kingdom had experienced high bout of inflation and financial crises exacerbated by their former monetary policy regimes. These not only resulted to sacrificing output and employment but als o resulted to severe increase in international capital flow leading to a switch to floating exchange rate. 1.1 Historical Background In relation to many other African countries, the monetary policy and financial institutions of Kenya has developed rapidly within the last two decades and probably more advanced than other countries at a similar stage of underdevelopment. Kenya opened its own Central Bank in September 1966 with the hope that, it would at least generate secondary expansion by facilitating the creation of bank credit and accelerate the process of monetization of the economys subsistence sector, in spite, of its openness and sensitivity to fluctuations of primary commodities. The next decade following the establishment of her Central Bank witnessed interesting changes in Kenyas monetary and banking policies as the oil shock of 1973 created inflexibility in the foreign exchange reserves as they declined considerably. Hence, the magnitude and speed of reduction in credit expansion were not adequate to show the decline in foreign exchange reserves. In fact, the fear that tight monetary policy induced from outside could hamper the rate of development at home led to feeble corrective measures such as restraining inflation impact due to price boom of exports, which coincided with expansionary monetary policy under a low profile of interest rates. In the early 1980s and 1990s Kenya experienced high inflation resulting from a prolonged spell of drought and political instability that resulted from introduction of a multiparty system in the Kenyan political history in late 1980 and also general elections followed later in 1992. Besides, in 2002, the growth per capita was negative due to high corruption of the highly ranked government official and political interferences of major decision-making organs of government including the Central Bank of Kenya, as it could not carry out its mandate freely. In the year 2008, Kenya faced another dark moment in terms of its political stability as the whole country went into turmoil due to the highly disputed general elections of 2007. The once giant of East African countries went down into â€Å"ashes† and major sectors of the economy especially the financial sector got hurt the most. Since then, it has been very difficult for the resurgence of economic stability, political stability a nd financial institution even after the power brokering that gave birth to a coalition government in that same year. However, in late 2010, the coalition government of Kenya gave hopes to recovery of major sectors of the economy when the New Constitution unanimously voted into existence in a referendum. This Constitution has brought about major reforms in the financial and political arenas more specifically in the Central Bank of Kenya as per se; hence, major changes are expected to be instituted by CBK for an effective and independent monetary policy conduct. 1.1.2 Road map of Kenya towards adoption of ITF 1.1.2a) Central Bank of Kenya main policy objective The amended Central Bank of Kenya Act of 1996, CAP 491(4) permitted the Banks operational autonomy in the conduct of monetary policy and mandated price stability as one of its primary objectives through formulation and implementation of such principal object of the bank, thus, promoting the long-term goal of economic growth. In fact, the Central Bank of Kenya does not announce an inflation target; instead, it uses money growth reserve as her main nominal anchor of which the repo rate forms its main operational target. It is in this perspective that the CBK monitor and control inflation rate through interest rate transmission channel as a way of conducting monetary policy. Apart from the main objective that is price stability, the Bank has a mandate to balance its inflation goals against other goals such as exchange rate stability and promotion of liquidity, solvency and steady-market back up while ensuring equilibrium in domestic and external payments. 1.1.2b) Central Bank of Kenya attributes that favor ITF adoption The Bank like any other bank of its caliber is mandated by the legislation to carry out its objectives in a more coherent and consistent manner without any external interference, thereby commanding greater central bank independence. The ‘Old Constitution of the Republic Kenya of (1963) and ‘Newly Promulgated Constitution of the Republic Kenya of (2010) have further strengthened the Banks Act, thereby, empowering the bank to carry its main objective without political interferences and curbing time-inconsistency trap. The appointment and removal of the CEO of the Bank (governor) and his/her deputy rest with the president discretion for a period of four years term in office unless stated otherwise. In connection to the governor term of office termination, the president has a directive to appoint a tribunal comprised consisting of a chairperson and two members who hold offices in High Court or Court of Appeal. This tribunal enquires on matters related to termination of such appointments and make recommendation to the president. Nevertheless, these might undermine the Banks credibility in upholding autonomy in case the termination of the governor might be unlawfully since the appointing authority might compromise the tribunal to favor his/her decision. In conformity with the Act CAP (491), the MPC is hereby required to forward a report at least every six month to the Minister detailing all dealings the bank is undertaking hence the Minister shall table the MPC report before the Parliament for further amendment and deliberations. The Bank is exempted from any taxation whatsoever in respect to losses or profits. The Banks books of records and financial statements subjected for auditing by the Controller and Auditor General only if the Minister of Finance deems it appropriate for such auditing. Both Governor and Deputy Governor are indebted to adhere to the bank in totality and prohibited from engaging in any other paid businesses, professional activities or employment while still in office. These is in agreement with majority of literature such as (Klomp and Haan 2008) who based their idea on Cukierman Index which states the following inherent features for a central bank to be termed as more independent: (i) if the governor appointing authority rest with BOG rather than the president, is not prone to relieve of his/her duty, and has a longer tenure in office. (ii), if the government has no tendency to interfere with banks conduct of business, for example, in policy formulation and implementation; if there is a greater independence be it of legal instruments or goal instruments; and also if the government has no capacity to borrow from the bank. (iii) last but not least, if the bank main objective is price stability. 1.1.2c) Economic Independence of CBK Kenya has also experienced tremendous financial innovations intensifying greater implications to monetary policy transmission mechanism. The Bank is empowered to act as a fiscal agent of the government or any public entity. Similarly, the advance made by bank to the government is supposed to be secured with securities issued by government, of which are supposed to mature before twelve months, bears interest at market rate, and are advanced for a short-term period to the government. In compliance with the statute, the CBK has an authority to grant loans and advances not exceeding three years in fixed period to government as a Deposit Protection Fund Board (DPFB), while the bank has mandate to lend or give credit to public entity, although, it is limited in extending such credits. The main interest is built on the various chief features associated with the introduction of inflation targeting framework by most of the Central Banks of both developed economies and transitional economies around the world; borrowing heavily from various aspects of literature that have analyzed greatly the development of this framework in order to determine the viability of the framework in low income countries such as Kenya. indeed, little has been done in A model specific to the needs of Kenya will be developed while building a general structure within the framework of an ITF so as to distinguish between group characteristics of the inflation-targeting and non-targeting central banks since its inception, and the relationship between various variables mentioned in the hypothesis. In addition, the paper depicts lessons learned by countries that have already adopted the strict ITF since 1990s. What become apparent evident in process of this review, however, is that several contributory problems must first be solved before forming an informed judgment on the likelihood of low-income countries embracing the framework. The first of these problems is whether there are impetus and aspect linked with decisions to move from a specific monetary practice to another. Second problem revolves around the feasibility of other policy designs of monetary policy such as exchange rate regime and central bank independence Third problem will address chief pitfalls that could prevent low-income countries from embracing this policy design. The study hypotheses investigates the relationship between conditions that lead to adoption of inflation targeting framework in developed economies and examine if these pre conditions have a replicate effect in low income countries. The other parts of the paper shall be structured as follows: In section II, assess modification of monetary policy conduct under ITF by various developing countries central banks, the cons and pros of shifting to such strategy. In section III evaluate the exchange rate transition and its role to inflation targeting framework more specifically the following interrelated issues will be taken into considerations: the role of nominal exchange rate it plays as a nominal anchor, the costs associated with the real exchange rate overvaluation; and the approach for exiting the pegged exchange rate. Section IV reviews the role of the central bank independence since it forms the core tenet of conjecture that is built around the inflation targeting framework.Likewise, other contributory factors to embracing the framework will be captured in this Section. The paper concludes with the policy recommendation and the way forward. 1.3 General Salient features, Implementation and Experience A better strategy for monetary policy is built on the following inherent characteristics as summarized by Svensson Lars 1997; Friedman, 1990; McCallum, 1990 that is, it is supposedly to be highly correlated with the goal and has a tendency to be controlled by central bank with much ease than the goal itself. Similarly, the public and the central bank should be able to comply to it with much ease than the goal. In addition, transparency is of greater importance in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of the bank communicating to the public its objective and procedure of conducting its monetary stance. Literature from (Bernanke and Mishkin 1997), Bernanke et al. (1999) and (Svensson Lars 1997) has vehemently mentioned various elements that form this framework which includes. First, price stability is formally chosen as the main intent of monetary policy, which indicates the monetary stance and the central banks principle of appraising its performance. Second, the central bank issues a declaration, which categorically states the numerical target for inflation within a specific, horizon-thus the bank has the latent to lessen the possibilities of falling into time inconsistency trap in carrying out its primary goal. Third, either the government can opt to choose the target, independently or collectively with the central bank, which is associated with appropriate changes in the central banks law thus enhancing instrument independence of the institution in achieving its target. Fourth, the ITF promotes high transparency in the conduct of monetary policy thus enabling flow of information from the central bank to the public and government. Svensson Lars (1997) stated that, when the authority anticipate the policy target deviation, the strategy should be attuned in such a way it is neither contractionary nor is it expansionary in accordance with keeping the policy on target. On this background, the IT-framework work best in forecasting future inflation, that is, the relevant information for forecasting monetary policy is of greater importance in predicting future inflation. Indeed, this transparency of inflation targeting forms a better juncture in terms of motivating and focusing the activities insi de the central bank. More so, there is high tendency of central bank accountability, which is often outlined in case of breach of inflation target, meaning it helps in clarifying what the central bank is capable and incapable for it to be accountable. Although, inflation targeting has proved to be the best modern strategy it does not lack some criticism or problems that characterizes it in terms of implementation and monitoring. For instance Svensson Lars (1997) has described some of the inherent problems that makes this strategy ineffective, which includes: central banks inability to restrain inflation due to the fact that, previous decisions and contracts play a vital role in determining current inflation. In other words, the authority can only have power over the future inflation. In addition, monitoring and evaluation of monetary policy by public faces a greater set back due to the inadequate control of inflation. CHAPTER TWO 32.0 Literature Review A large body of literature has been developed to analyze the effectiveness of an explicit numerical anchor since such framework was adopted in early 1990s. There exists a large number of literatures on major development of Inflation Targeting Framework since its inception in developed countries and emerging economies. However, there is little development in low-income countries in regards to adoption and implementation of this framework varies greatly in most of these countries because of lack of a well-developed financial market, inadequate fiscal position, political interferences and also lack of market integration in majority of them thus posing a bigger challenge to welcoming this framework as a way of monetary policy conduct. Therefore, the section borrows heavily from past studies that have since been done in order to demarcate the gaps that have made the framework ineffective. 3.1 Transition to Inflation Targeting Framework: Central Bank of Kenya In the past decades, the monetary policy encountered by most of the emerging markets economies has been depressing, these resulted to extreme periods of monetary instability, vacillating from high inflation, to colossal capital flight, and thereby led to downfall of many financial systems. However, the forecast for successful monetary policy in the majority of countries in transition have so far been augmented. This has been typified by considerable decline of inflation rate in Latin America region as an example of an emerging region, which dramatically fell from an average of above 400% in 1989 to less than 10% (Mishkin Savastano, 2001) According to Morande and Schmidt-Hebbel (997), â€Å"this objective of inflation control has been interpreted by public as formal targets or â€Å"hard† targets.† Thus enables the central bank to be more accountable by explicitly announcing a multi-year target for inflation. Downs and Vaez-Zadeh (1990) declared that â€Å"during the transition it is not possible to forecast market behavior†¦..[s]ince the old money-model is bound to be obsolete and perhaps of little use† (318). Indeed, the ‘old fashioned regime of money-growth targeting framework has proved inefficient in the recent past, although the Central Bank of Kenya has been able to maintain inflation rate as low as possible. Above all, the de-regulation of economic activities in the early 1990s marked a major landmark in the conduct of monetary policy in Kenya in terms of objectives, instruments and institutional framework. Mwega 1990(a) developed a model that sought to explain the changes in the CPI Growth e.g. real income (T) changes, changes in money supply (M2), changes in import prices and changes in previous years inflation rates (Pt-1) were the expansionary variables. In these results, he found money supply to be a significant determinant of inflation. Similar study was done by Ndungu (1993) where he did a comprehensive study on the dynamics of the inflationary process in Kenya for the period 1970-1991. He used a monetarist model, named the error correction form of model and empirically showed monetary growth, interest rates changes, real income growth and excess money printing which were significant determinants of inflation in Kenya assuming a closed economy. When he included the external economy, he found the exchange rate had a significant effect on the domestic price level. The results of his study indicated inappropriate government policies (monetary and fiscal) resulted lack of control of inflation especially in 1980-1990 where inflation level escalated. Mishkin and Schmidt-Hebbel (2007) in there panel data analysis comprising of both inflation-targeting industrial countries and non-inflation targeting industrial countries, argued that ITF has helped these countries in achieving stable inflation rate in the long-run where they are attributable in oil-prices and exchange rate shocks, and that are associated with strengthening of monetary policy independence and enhanced policy efficiency. Taguchi and Kato (2010) assessed the performance of the IT in East Asian economies where they adopted a co-integration approach between money and inflation. The estimation results were that, the ITF in the sample of few selected economies, except for Philippines, proved to work well as an anchor for controlling inflation through speeding up price adjustments (stabilizing inflationary expectations) against money supply in the context of floating exchange rate. Similarly, they argued that, â€Å"well-functioning inflation targeting framework was consistent with enhanced monetary autonomy under the post-crisis floating exchange rate.† Aizenman and Hutchison (2008) used a simple empirical model where they estimated panel data for 17 emerging markets for both inflation-targeters and non-inflation targeters and concluded that there was a stable inflation response running from inflation to policy interest rates for inflation-targeters in emerging markets who have anchored their inflation than in non-inflation targeters whose central banks respond less in such markets. Similarly, they argued that â€Å"the response to real exchange rate was much stronger in non-IT countries, however, suggesting that policymakers are more constrained in the IT regime where they attempt to target both inflation and real exchange rate and these objectives are not always consistent.† 2.2 An overview of the exchange rate transition and its role in ITF The Central Bank of Kenya policy objectives have been to protract an exchange rate that will ensure international competiveness while maintaining domestic rate of inflation at low levels through conduct of strict monetary stance. Calvo and Reinhard (2002) argued that Majority of emerging markets are facing problem in performing inflation targeting due to various issues of how to manage the exchange rate under the condition that their external debt is primarily denominated in U.S. dollars. Therefore, the idea of this framework is believed to work best under floating exchange rate regime.Hence, inflation targeting framework as a monetary policy strategy becomes unrealizable in majority of this countries due to too much concern towards exchange rate volatility. In recent times, countries with fixed exchange rate have a tendency to fix their domestic currency value to countries whose main objective is to anchor their inflation in readiness to keep inflation rate in check. Most of the countries that have adopted a crawling target or peg their currency tend to devalue at a firm rate in order to keep their inflation rate low vis a vis their counterpart anchoring countries. These periods marked a milestone that foresaw an accelerated money supply growth and high inflation, but at the same time there was a move to speed up economic reforms and accelerate the pace of liberalization. â€Å"An exchange rate regime makes central bank quite accountable because it has clear-cut goals [b]ut can actually weaken accountability of the Central Banks in emerging- markets countries, by eliminating important signal that can help keep monetary policy from becoming too expansionary† (Blejer, Ã…  creb, 1999, p. 41).Also, for the same reasons described in (Mishkin, 1999a) â€Å"exchange rate targeting can promote financial fragility and lead to foreign exchange crises that can also lead to full-fledged financial crises with disastrous consequences for the economy†(Cited by Blejer Ã…  creb, p.50) .Hence, a continuous adherence of exchange rate regime is probable to have far-reaching impact of economic sluggishness and exacerbate redundancy in the economy, w hich is exactly what Kenya has experienced in the past. Therefore, the Central Bank should move more assertively by provision of an extra credibility, where policy easing is desired to prevent output reductions, without igniting fears of renewed inflation. Mishkin Savastano ( 2001) acknowledged that â€Å" [t]here are three broad monetary policy strategies that can produce an explicit nominor anchor that credibly constrains the discretion of the central bank over the medium : â€Å"hard† exchange-rate pegs, monetary targeting, and inflation targeting†. In spite of this, majority of industiralized economies, notably the United States, have used a more or less the same strategy of anchoring inflation. However, it does not explicitly anchor inflation but it implicitly anchor its inflation. a monetary policy with an implicit but not an explicit nominal anchor sought of monetary policy strategy to achieve macro-economic goals. Whereas, the three monetary policy strategies have enabled emerging economies to set up institutions and mechanisms that have effectively and efficiently constrained the discretion of their monetary authorities; their suitability to conditions in different markets differs according to each strategy that is adopted by each country. Reinhart and Rogoff (2004) declared that, â€Å"Developing countries central banks tend to pursue exchange rate targets that considerably are more deterministic than their official pronouncements†¦.[while] a managed floater might be operating a fixed exchange rate or a crawling peg for extended periods†. Likewise, Kenya has undergone myriad exchange rate regimes in the past mostly driven by various economic cycles, and chiefly the balance of payments deficit. For instance, up to 1974, the exchange rate was pegged to the dollar, but later the devaluation of the currency resulted to a change of the peg to the SDR.1 from 1974-1984 period. This regime lasted until 1990 when a dual exchange rate system was adopted that lasted till October 1993 when, after a series of devaluations, the official exchange rate was abolished. (Mwega and Ndungu, 2001) acknowledged that â€Å"Kenya adopted a unified and flexible exchange rate in the early 1990s, as part of a market-based reform program designed to improve the investment environment and spur economic growth†(Cited by Ndungu, 2008). In addition, the (Kenyan Economic Survey, 1995) revealed that the nominal exchange rate suddenly depreciated by about 32%, moving to Ksh38 to the U.S dollar from Ksh 44 to the dollar, and inflation declined from 46% in 1993 to 28.8% in 1994 (as cited in Ndungu, 2000) as a result of shilling appreciating against dollar in 1995†. 2.3 Central Bank Independence The literature on ITF in emerging market economies suggests that this monetary policy strategy should be adopted only if some institutional preconditions are met. One of them is Central Bank Independence. Many scholars have given much attention to the central bank autonomy and the role it plays in adopting ITF. Indeed, where central bank is autonomous from government interference it is likely to insulate itself from political pressures to finance government fiscal deficits, which can result to over-expansionary monetary policies that would lead to inflation above target. Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) constructed Central Bank Index that was designed in two folds that is, legal independence and turnover rate of governors, where both revolved around central bank charters and legislation and the relationship it has over the overall performance of the economy. This paper provides an overview of the mushrooming literature on authority autonomy and precision relating it to the mechanis ms through which central banks have in the past adopted greater openness, thereby, focusing more on the role they play in adoption and effective implementation of inflation targeting framework. (Klomp and De Haan, 2010) used a random coefficient model and they estimated a sample of more than 100 countries to re-examine the relationship between CBI (measured by both governors TOR and central bank legal indicator) and inflation. They found Central Bank Index to be negatively insignificant with the level of inflation rate of country specific. Most literatures in developing countries have focused on de facto independence as a proxy of CBI that is governors turnover rate. Studies of Cukierman, Webb and Neyapti (1992) stated that the average and variance of inflation has a negative correlation to governors turnover rate in most of the developing. This is due to the fact that, majority of studies has expressed doubts over the reliability of most of indicators used to construct Central Bank Independence indices. Indeed, there exist a greater divergence when it comes to categorization of indicators used to measure CBI incase of high income countries, emerging countries and low income countries. Cukierman,1994 and Eijffinger and De Haan (1996) have categorically contended that, the CBI indices in majority of high income countries are arises from central banks laws interpretation and are of great concern to legal independence indicator, whereas, in developing countries de facto independence indicators form the main measure of central bank independence. Axel Dreher, Jan-Egbert Sturm, Jakob de Haan (2010) used a data set comprising of eighty-eight countries term of office of central banks governors since 1975-2005. They used logit model to test the likelihood central bank governor term of tenure geting terminated before their legal term in office expires. According to their results, the probability of a TOR as a measure of CBI tend to soar under certain condtions which includes: unstable political system, undue elapse of governor term of service in office and during elections period in self-governing countries. Accordingly, they indicated in their hypothesis that there was a higher chance of the governors getting replaced if there was huge drop out of veto players from the government. Alex, Webb and Bilin (1992)) developed legal independence where they mentioned some of the intrinsic features such as the degree of independence that the authority should bestow to the Bank, and lone dependence on legal component of independence. Beside s, the legal independence is significant in ascertaining inflation rate in developed economies. Whereas, turnover rate of governors forms a better turning point of inflation determination in developing countries. Likewise they argued that, in cases where governor legal term of office is shorter than that of government CBI is likely to be compromised by the government, thereby, resulting to increased TOR. More over, the governor is likely to be susceptible from government influence thereby derailing long-term objective of policy formation and implementation under the pretext of political pressure especially during election periods. (Kuttner Kenneth, Posen Adam 2010), took the same direction and indicated that undue appointment of governor in office result to construed information to the bank in terms of carrying out its primary objective of price stability. For instance, unjustifiable appointment of governor under low inflation periods may reinforce the exchange rate, while the opposite is always true. Since governors appointment seem to contain valuable information regarding the exchange rate and inflation rate. Gutierrez (2003) indicated that CBI has positieve impact in reducing the chances of governments incurring budget deficits through quasi-fiscal activities. Since such activities can be understood on their inflationary impacts. Posen and Kuttner (2010) estimated the effect of legal appointment of governor to office exchange rates and bond yield and argued that the main test was to verify the scope to which markets observe that the next governor will bring a swing in policy, whereby he/she is expected to determine the bearing of such swing. This is in conformity with the fact that, the news conveyed may favour either one side due to markets reaction after such appointment. 2.4 Financial Institutions Another important prerequisite for successful ITF stressed by the literature is a healthy financial and banking system. Several reasons can be advanced to explain the great importance of well-functioning financial system under inflation targeting framework. First, a sound financial system is essential to guarantee an efficient transmission of monetary policy through the interest rate channel which forms the major channel through which the CBK carries out its main objective of price stability, and more specifically forms an enabling environment of smooth exchange and provision of credit. Second, according to Mishkin (2004), a weak banking sector is potentially problematic to achieve inflation target, because the central bank would be hesitant to raise short-term interest rates for fear that this will impact the profitability of banks and lead to a collapse of the financial system. Third, countries characterized by weak financial institutions are more vulnerable to a sudden stop of cap ital outflows, causing a sharp depreciation of the exchange rate which leads to upward pres

Arthur Millers The Crucible :: Arthur Miller Crucible Essays

Arthur Miller's The Crucible Arthur Miller individualises characters through their style of speech in many ways. Abigail Williams, one of the main characters, is a very attractive young lady, as portrayed in the text. However, her personality is bitter spiteful and vengeful. This has been shown by the way Miller individualises her, through her speech. Abigail is very bossy and has a lot of authority; "Uncle, the rumour of witchcraft is all about: I think you'd best go down and deny it yourself. The parlour's packed with people, sir. I'll sit with her". She seems to take control in a stressful situation, and hence controls people through their fear: "I think you'd best go down". Miller uses this sentence, in order to portray Abigail as a very manipulative and some-what controlling person. Miller also exposes the fact that Abigail is very spiteful and demanding. This is shown when Abigail is having an argument with her uncle, Parris. "She hates me, uncle; she must, for I would not be her slave. It's a bitter woman, a lying, cold, snivelling woman, and I will not work for such a woman!" This shows how Abigail puts everyone down, and tries to make out that she is the innocent victim in all the chaos. Another way Miller individualises Abigail, is the way she blames other people to get her self out of trouble- "Not I, sir- Tituba and Ruth". This shows how Miller puts across to the audience, the 'real' Abigail. Yet again, Miller reveals Abigail as being manipulative and controlling. "I have been hurt, Mr Danforth; I have seen my blood runnin' out! I have been near to murder every day because I done my duty pointing out the Devil's people- and this is my reward! To be mistrusted, denied questioned like a-". This also shows how Abigail is making everyone else feel sorry for her, as she has been doing the right thing. This is effective as it again brings out the 'real' Abigail, a cunning, sly, deceiving person. Abigail Williams wants to protect herself, and hence confesses, as she wants the same attention as Tituba, not to suffer, This shows her selfishness as she doesn't want to get hung and therefore follows Tituba's lead. "I want to open myself! I want the light of God; I want the sweet love of Jesus!" Miller uses the word "open" to emphasise the fact that Abigail doesn't want to just reveal herself, but "open" her. This then shows the audience how overdramatic Miller makes Abigail. In conclusion, I feel that Miller has effectively individualised Abigail, as a self-centred, overdramatic, deceiving woman. Mr Hale, another one of Miller's characters, however he is not as

Minimum Wage Increase Essay Essay

Most people would agree that raising the minimum wage sounds like a good idea, but arguments arise concerning if this increase would benefit the economy. Jared Bernstein believes that a minimum wage increase would positively affect the American economy. He argues that the economy is driven by consumer spending and low ­income workers are very likely to spend their extra earned money. On the contrary, Douglas Holtz ­Eakin strives to make the point that raising the minimum wage would not be beneficial to the economy. He argues that there would be no reduction in poverty because only a small percent of minimum wage workers are in poverty, while most are unemployed. An examination of raising the minimum wage will reveal why it will benefit American society. According to Jared Bernstein raising the minimum wage would help. Bernstine suggests that the American economy is made up of 70 percent consumer spending. He argues that an extra dollar earned by a wealthy person is less likely to be spent than an extra dollar earned by a low ­income person. In addition Bernstein points out that this leads to the low ­income worker being much more likely to consume their extra dollar of earnings. Similarly one might argue that a minimum wage increase that directly raises the pay of a relatively small share of the workforce by a small amount is unlikely to be a big deal. Raising the minimum wage is a growth strategy and should be used to try to revive our economy. The wage increase would help families struggling on minimum wage salaries. These families would see these new earni ngs as a chance to spend on new things and will slightly help macroeconomic growth. Helping the economy on the margin while also helping these families make ends meet. One should conclude that raising the minimum wage will help families in need and in terms help the economy. According to Douglas Holtz ­Eakin Raising the federal minimum wage will neither reduce poverty nor boost growth. Holtz ­Eakin suggests that increasing the minimum wage would ensure that m illions of Americans got raises that they would presumably turn right around and spend. He argues that unfortunately the money for a raise has to come out of the wallet of another American. In addition Holtz ­Eakin points out that the minimum wage hike for one low ­wage worker comes directly out of the pocket of another. In contrast one might suggest that the wage increase is neither anti ­poverty nor stimulus. According to Holtzs article companies may not be able to hire as many workers if the wage is increased. The money may not come directly from another working americans pocket but it has to come from somewhere. Businesses may suffer from the increase. Some businesses may not even be able to hire as many employees as necessary, taking away jobs. One should conclude that increasing the wage may harm other americans not directly affected by the increase. According to Jared bernstein the moderate increases in the minimum wage boost the earnings of most low ­wage workers without leading to large employment losses. He argues that The increase favored by the president and congressional Democrats, would place the real value of the wage floor back where it was in th e late 1960s. In addition Bernstein suggests that this increase would directly affect about 13 percent of the workforce. He argues a vast majority of low wage families would benefit from the increase. Similarly one might suggest that some families struggling to make ends meet have 2 or 3 minimum wage jobs. These families with multiple minimum wage jobs will greatly benefit from the increase. This research does not put into account that many families struggling on minimum wage have multiple minimum wage jobs. Now these families would have extra earnings to make ends meet and stimulate the economy. Since minimum wage workers are more likely to spend their extra dollars,the american economy will benefit from extra consumer spending. One should conclude that raising the minimum wage would help lower class families who depend on minimum wage. According to Douglas Holtz ­Eakin the minimum wage is a poor tool to fight poverty because it does not target those in poverty. Holtz ­Eakin suggests that only 2 percent of workers earn the minimum wage, and only 20 percent of those are in poverty. He argues that the reality is that the dividing line between being poor and being non ­poor is having a job. In addition Holtz ­Eakin points out that only 7 percent of those who have a job are in poverty, while more than 27.5 percent of those without jobs are poor.

The First Amendment Of The United States Constitution

â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Sound familiar? Well it should. That quote was a section of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Those lines are one of the many things that set America apart from other countries around the world. It has protected us for centuries from â€Å"unreasonable searches and seizures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  made by anyone, including the government. This is all beginning to change with the inventions of the smartphone, computer, and even GPS. These inventions have possibly turned our world for the better, or maybe even for the worse. With all of these new technologies that can make life so much easier†¦show more content†¦This case has just recently happened, and it was not even a whole year ago. The second case is of Riley v. California. After that I will present you with some of the startling data that was famously leaked by former NSA contractor, Edward Snowden. For a long time the government has mostly honored the Fourth Amendment, and we were able to live without the constant fear of being spied on. That time is gone, and we need it back. The government must stop wasting their time and money on watching innocent Americans and use it elsewhere, preferably where it is more needed. Now for the case that has kept the nation on the edge of their seats, we have Apple v. FBI. This has really split the nation as people are torn apart by wanting to side with the makers of their beloved iPhone or the government that has given many their freedom. This all started with a tragedy, unfortunately, the tragedy the San Bernardino shooting. After the terrorists were killed, the FBI obtained the iPhone from one of the shooters and believed that they could find more information in it. They turned to Apple in order to open up the phone, as iPhones are set to ‘self-destruct’ all data after 10 failed password attempts. Apple flat out refused. In a letter to the public sent out by Tim Cook, Apple’s CEO, said, â€Å"Once the... way to bypass the code is revealed, the encryption can be defeated by anyone with that knowledge.† This essentially is saying that someone could come along after the phone had been The First Amendment Of The United States Constitution There are many elements of the First Amendment of the United States Constitution to address. The area of the Freedom of Speech applies to every aspect of our daily lives. An examination of this area shows us why there are protected and unprotected areas of speech: speeches and actions that have been debated throughout our nation’s history and why they are important and have such an impact on our individual lives and social activities today. The adoption of the First Amendment drafted by James Madison, which was ratified in 1791, guaranteed the right of the people to freely express their opinions without the interference of government entities. The first battle in the courts that helped develop the First Amendment was the 1trial of John†¦show more content†¦In order to keep our government accountable to the people, the people need the information to form an educated opinion and the right to speak openly amongst each other. Some of the areas of expression are: public school student expression, free speech on public college campuses, internet blogs and social media, freedom of speech through the arts, public expression through the media: such as bumper stickers, fliers, leaflets, and yard signs, adult entertainment, and advertising. Other forms of speech are actions like, censoring books and content in public libraries and schools, flag burning, wearing armbands, and other symbolic gestures of protesting. The free doms granted to us through the First Amendment have protected areas of expression, but there are also expressions and actions that are not protected by the First Amendment. These have been The First Amendment Of The United States Constitution It’s a typical Friday night and you are with your friends at a basketball game. The opposing team takes a shot and misses†¦everything. What’s your obvious reaction? To yell, â€Å"AIR BALL! AIR BALL!† That is, unless you live in Wisconsin. Students are banned from making this chant, along with many others that the Wisconsin Interscholastic Athletic Association wrote, â€Å"are clearly intended to taunt or disrespect.† Correct me if I am wrong, but isn’t it my right to taunt the referees, players and coaches? The First Amendment of the United States Constitution protects the right to freedom of expression from government interference. Freedom of expression consists of the rights to freedom of speech, press, assembly, the right to make a†¦show more content†¦The Judiciary Committee can be found in both your House of Representatives and in the United States Senate. They oversee the administration of justice within the federal courts, administrative agencies and Federal law enforcement organizations. Within this committee falls The Constitution, Civil Rights and Human Rights Subcommittee. This committee deals with (1) Constitutional amendments; (2) Enforcement and protection of constitutional rights; (3) Legal guarantees of civil rights and civil liberties; (4) Separation of powers; (5) Federal-State relations; (6) Interstate contracts; (7) Human rights laws and practices; (8) Enforcement and execution of human rights laws. There are nine members on this committee. I have chosen to select two members whom I feel will most benefit my cause based on their key issues, sponsored bills, and voting records as they pertain to the constitution as a whole. Both of these members are committed to upholding the Constitution and the rights in which it provides. My first selection is Senator Dick Durbin. Senator Durbin serves as the Ranking Democrat on the Subcommittee. In 1996 he became a senator and has served as Senate Majority Whip for a period of eight years. He has sponsored several legislative acts regarding school programs as well as those that pertain to upholding constitutional amendments. In 2007, Senator Durbin suggested that the